INTRODUCTION:

Nanoemulsion is the oil in water and its droplet size ranges from diameter 50 to 1000mm. It is formed by the mechanical shear. They are kinetically stable as compared to normal emulsion. It has large surface hence it requires higher concentration of surfactant to stabilize them. They are non-toxic and non-irritant hence can easily applied to skin and mucous membrane.

They can be taken in the various route as they are formulated with surfactants which are approved human consumption. Nanoemulsion that carry drugs allows the drugs to crystallize in a controlled sized with a good dissolution. Nanoemulsion are not thermodynamically stable system, even in the case to the demixing line of thermodynamically stable microemulsiondomane. The nanoemulsion for the treatment of neuro-AIDS which can be administered from nasal route which targets the brain has also been developed on the bases of drug solubilty in various nanoemulsion components, different combinations of oil, water and surfactant. Surfactant and co-surfactant were selected based on their capability to form stable nanoemulsion. The mixture has been treated several times before the droplets become homoginized. Its remarkable caracteristcs is the smaller and more uniform dispersed phase droplet size.

Figure No. 1 Nanoemulsion

Table No. 1: Difference Between Emulsion and Nanoemulsion

Properties	Microemulsions	Nanoemulsion
Size	1-100nm	20-500nm
Shape	Spherical, Lamellar	Spherical
Appearance	Translucent	Transparent
Stability	Thermodynamically stable	Thermodynamically unstable
Concentration of surfactatnt	High (20% by weight)	Low (3-10% by weight)
Structure system	Hexagonally packed columns	Spherical droplets
Viscosity	Low	Low (about 1cP at room temperature)
Phases	Monophasic	Monophasic
Consistency	Fluid	Fluid
Types of dispersion	Colloidal	Colloidal
Optical isotropy	Isotropic	Isotropic

Advantages^1,2:

(1) It aids in the solubilization of lipophilic drugs.

(2) Useful for flavor masking.

(3) There is less energy required.

(4) It is not poisonous or irritating in nature.

(5) It has increased physical stability.

(6) Nanoemulsions feature small droplets with a larger surface area, which allows for higher absorption.

(7) It is available in a range of formulations, including foams, creams, liquids, and sprays.

(8) It improves the absorption of oil-soluble nutrients in cell culture technology.

Disadvantages^1,2:

1. A high concentration of surfactants/cosurfactants is necessary for formulation stabilization.

2. Temperature and pH have an impact on its stability.

3. The Oswald ripening effect can induce instability.

Limitations of nanoemulsion:

Although nanoemulsion formulations have advantages as delivery vehicles, their restricted utilization can be attributable to their small droplet size. Manufacturing is expensive because sophisticated tools and processes, such as homogenizers and microfludization, are required. Stability is also an issue, with Ostwald ripening being the primary contributor to unacceptability. Furthermore, the availability of surfactants and cosurfactants is limited, making the production of nanoemulsions problematic. Because of these constraints, nanoemulsions are less appropriate for long-term storage and distribution³.

Components of nanoemulsion:

Surfactants:

The selection of a surfactant is critical for the creation of nanoemulsions because it must microemulsify oily processes and have a strong solubilizing ability for hydrophobic chemical components. Hydrophobic surfactants, such as sorbitan monoesters, form w/o nanoemulsions, whereas hydrophilic surfactants, such as polysorbate 80, form o/w nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions are minute oil-trapped surfactant globules formed as a result of high oil concentration. Ionic or non-ionic surfactants can be used, but ionic surfactants are not favored due to toxicological effects.

Co-surfactants:

Surfactants alone cannot reduce oil-water interfacial tension, hence a co-surfactant is required to form a nanoemulsion. Co-surfactants permeate the monolayer of the surfactant, providing fluidity and distracting liquid crystalline formation. Low HLB co-surfactants are frequently employed in conjunction with high HLB surfactants to change the HLB of the system. Hydrophilic co-surfactants such as hexanol, pentanol, and octanol lower the oil/water contact and allow for the generation of spontaneous nanoemulsions. Finest processing, such as ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol, is suitable for oral administration, allowing large volumes of surfactant or medication to dissolve via co-solvency and the dielectric constant of water.

Oil:

The selection of an oily stage is critical for nanoemulsions since it determines the choice of additional ingredients. Oily stages shape the oil to have the highest solubilizing potential, allowing for the most drug loading. Natural oils and fats comprise triglycerides with varying fatty acid chain lengths and unsaturation levels. The choice of oil phase limits medication solubility and nanoemulsion characteristics. Captex 355, Myritol 318, IPM, modified vegetable oils, digestible or non-digestible oils and fats such as olive oil, palm oil, corn oil, oleic acid, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, peanut oil, and beeswax are examples of acceptable oil phases.

Aqueous phase:

Aqueous Phase droplet size and stability The characteristics of the aqueous phase, including pH and ionic concentration, has an impact on nanoemulsion. The physiological system's pH ranges from 1.2 to 7.4, and electrolytes such as droplet size and stability influence nanoemulsion properties. To assess spontaneous nano emulsification of self-nano drug delivery systems, it is recommended to evaluate the nanoemulsion in aqueous phases with varying pH and electrolyte concentrations, such as Ringer's solution, simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, and phosphate buffered saline⁴.

Methods of Preparation of Pharmaceutical Nanoemulsion:

A colloidal dispersion of two immiscible liquids that is thermodynamically unstable is referred to as nanoemulsion. One liquid serves as the dispersing medium in nanoemulsion. A droplets of nanoemulsion involves protective covering.

Self-emulsifying formulation:

Self-emulsifying formulations consists of self-emulsifying drug delivery system [SEDDS] and self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system [SNEDDS]. SEDDS produce coarse emulsions, while SNEDDS produce nano-size emulsions. These systems form emulsions or nanoemulsion pre concentrated due to in-vivo dilution in aqueous media⁵.

Component of nanoemulsion:

Oils, lipoids, surfactants, water soluble co-solvents and water make up nanoemulsion systems. Triglycerides, vegetable oils, minerals oils and free fatty acids are examples of oil phase.

1. Ultrasonication: Ultrasonication is the use of ultrasonic wave which make vibration and it breaks the oil water interface at the molecular level. Using cavitation forces, the high-energy process of ultrasonification separates macroemulsions into nanoemulsion. The ultrasonic waves that are emitted by ultrasonicators can be modified to produce particles of the desired size and stability. Physical shear from acoustic cavitation causes microbubbles to form and burst, forming nano-sized droplets. As compared to high energy emulsification methods ultrasonic homogenization requires less energy and emulsifier. It also produces less pollution. Linoleic acid is mostly used in food field⁶.

2. High-pressure homogenization: The popular method for production nanoemulsion involves using a high-pressure homogenizer to produce nanoemulsion with particle sizes upto 1nm. The process involves forcing the macroemulsion through a small orifice at a pressure between 500 to 5000 psi, resulting in extremely small droplet sized nanoemulsions. This process can be repeated until the final product reaches the desired droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI), which specifies the uniformity of droplet size in nanoemulsions. High-pressure homogenizer are commonly used to prepare nanoemulsions, generating nanoemulsion of extremely low particles size upto 1nm. These nanoemulsions are formed through intense forces, such as turbulence hydraulic shear, and cauiration and their particle size depend on sample composition, homogenizer type and aperating conditions like energy intensity, time and temperature^6,7. High-energy preparation methods use mechanical devices like homogenizers, microfuidizers, and ultrasonicators to produce micro droplets. These methods require sophisticated equipment and energy consumption, but offer large component selection and control. However, they are expensive and not suitable for thermo-labile active ingredients or macromolecules⁸.

3. Low-pressure homogenizer:

Low-how-energy emulsification methods are energy efficient and involve phojeinvesion emulsification and Self emulsification. These methods are not suitable good For food grade nanoemulsions due to high Surfactant concentration which can affect taste and safety. phase Inversion emulsification Involves Spontaneous curvature. of surfactant, with two types: TPI (PIT and PIC) + CPI (EIP). Transitional phase inversion occurs due to changes in Surfactant affinity, while Catatrophic phase inversion occurs when the Surfactant is primarily present in the dispersed phase, leading to rapid phase inversion. Nanoemulsion can be acheived using low energy methods, resulting in smaller, more uniform droplets. However these methods have limitations due to the use of certain oils and Emulsifier like proteins and polysaccharides. To overcome this high synthetic surfactants Concentrations are used in low-energy techniques, limiting their applications food processes⁷.

4. Microfluidization: Microfluidic methods enable controlled formation of liquid droplets and gas bubbles in microchannels, allowed for the creation of lab-on-a chip devices. By transferring microquantities of liquid in droplets and bubbles through microchannels to precise places these devices miniaturice chemical and biological processes. Protein isolation, DNA analysis, enzymeencapsulation, and biosensor development are all being investigated. Emulsification happens in minoFtuidizers due to collision of two immiscible fluid flow stream travelling in microchannels under high pressure. YThe wetting of Channel walls by emulsions components determines the stability of emulsification regime. microfluidizer have three fundamental flow stream configurations:

1. Co-directional

2. Opposite directional

3. T-Shaped interaction.

These combinations result in single drops of varied diameter. High pressure propels macroemulsions through the interaction chamber, producing nanoemulsions with submicron particles sizes. By repeating the process and modifying the operating pressure, uniform nanoemulsion production can be accomplished. A pneumatically powered pump allows crude emulsions to move, resulting in strong shearing Force and the formation of fine emulsion⁹.

5. Phase inversion composition: The Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) approach alters the system composition rather than the system temperature to produce phase inversion. It entails adding water to a mixture, followed by an oil-surfactant or oil mixture. Nonionic surfactants of the POE type are employed to create nanoemulsions. Surfactant POE chain hydration happens as water is slowly added, causing the surfactant's hydrophilic-lipophilic characteristics to shift to zero. As a result, a bi-continuous or lamellar structure is formed. When more water is added, the transition composition exceeds, resulting in phase inversion and the creation of nano-size droplets¹⁰.

6. Spontaneous Nanoemulsification: When two liquids phases come into Contact, they undergo interphase instability, dispersion, spontaneous increase in surface area, and emulsification. When a new Phase condenses in local supersaturation zones, three major mechanism occur a interphase instability dispersion and emulsification. The Self-emulsifying drug-delivery systems [SEDDS] Selfnanoemulsyfying drug delivery System [SNEDDS] are methods used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce nanoemulsion at room temperature. The system which involve Continuous phase with no phase transitions, produce oil droplets spontaneously when mixed with water based on movement of water dispersiblesubstances.

7. Phase inversion temperature: The Temperature of Phase Inversion (PIT) approach modulates temperature while retaining composition, which is particularly useful for non-ionic surfactants such as polyethoxylated surfactants. Emulsification happens when the affinities of surfactants for water and oil change with temperature. Polyoxyethylene groups become lipophilic as they dehydrate during heating. The PIT method is used to make nanoemulsions by heating the sample to the PIT or hydrophile-lipophilebalance (HLB) level. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are created by combining oil, water, and nonionic surfactants. Surfactant POE groups dehydrate as the temperature rises, generating phaseinversion and the formation of water-in-oil (W/O)nanoemulsions. For efficient phase inversion, rapid cooling or heating is essentiall¹¹.

Mechanism of emulsification:

Emulsions are created by mixing oil, water, a surfactant, and energy. The energy required to extend the interface is substantial and positive, but it cannot be compensated for by the low dispersion entropy and total free energy of creation. Emulsion production is not spontaneous, and droplets require energy to form. Large droplets are easily formed with high-speed stirrers, whereas small droplets necessitate a significant amount of surfactant and/or energy. The Laplace pressure (p) is critical for nanoemulsion creation because it minimizes the tension required to break up a drop and prevents newly produced drops from coalescing. Surfactants are important in the generation of nanoemulsions because they reduce interfacial tension and inhibit coalescence. Various processes such as droplet breakdown, surfactant adsorption, and droplet collision occur during emulsification¹².

Drug Delivery System in Nanoemulsions:

1. Oral delivery: Nanoemulsions have revolutionized oral drug delivery systems by overcoming limitations in traditional methods such as drug solubility, rate of absorption, and targeted delivery. These nanoemulsions can solubilize both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, ensuring better dissolution and a good rate of absorption. They also allow for precise dosing control, preventing dose-related toxicities. Nanoemulsions can incorporate different targetingmoieties and drugs from various classes, making them ideal for drugs like steroids, proteins, hormones, diuretics, and antibiotics. Recent research has improved in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption of itraconazole (ITZ) using novel pectin-based nanoparticles prepared from nanoemulsion templates. The high-pressure homogenization method using pectin (high-methoxyl pectin HMP) as an emulsifier and chloroform as an oil phase improved ITZ absorption by 1.3-fold compared to the commercial product. This suggests that HMP-based nanoparticles can be a promising formulation due to their high AUC0-24 h and Cmax⁹.

2. Topical delivery: Topical medication delivery has several advantages over oral methods, including no drug loss, stomach discomfort, bad taste, and the elimination of the requirement for breakdown. The skin barrier, on the other hand, prevents medication access. Topical medication delivery based on nanoemulsions can overcome this barrier by allowing pharmaceuticals to pass through hair follicles, sweat ducts, and the stratum corneum. Nanoparticles in nanoemulsions may easily pass through pores, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic units make penetration easier. When produced asa nanoemulsion gel, ropinirole, a medication with low oral bioavailability, demonstrates enhanced penetration and extended half-life. Dermatitis and psoriasis can be treated with nanoemulsions, with positively charged nanoemulsions being more penetrable and efficacious¹³.

3. Opthalmic delivery: Because of lacrimal secretion and nasolacrimal drainage in the eyes, conventional eye drops have limited absorption and pharmacological effect. As a result, drug absorption and negative effects occur. Because of their long-lasting action and strong drug penetration into deeper layers of the ocularstructure and aqueous humor, dilutablenanoemulsions are an effective drug delivery method. Because they interact withnegatively charged corneal cells, cationic nanoemulsions are better for ocular medicationdelivery. Dorzolamidehydrochloride, a possible antiglucomamedication, was produced as an eyenanoemulsion and found to have a high therapeutic efficacy and a long duration of action¹².

4. Parantral delivery: Using biodegradable surfactants, nanoemulsification techniques can now synthesize medications with inadequate solubility for parenteral administration. Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant, can be synthesized as a nanoemulsion utilizing spontaneous emulsification, releasing 95% of the medication after 11 hours, based on recent research. Furthermore, an IV preparation of thalidomide using spontaneous emulsification can be created, releasing 95% of the medication after 4hours¹⁵.

5. In-vitro drug release: In-vitro drug release studies can be conducted using a glass cylindrical tube covered with a semipermeable membrane. The drug-loaded nanoemulsion is placed on the membrane surface, and the tube is dipped into a 100ml buffer. The release analysis is conducted for 24hours at 32̊C, with one-milliliter aliquots collected and diluted at fixed intervals. UV spectrometer 30 is used to measure the absorption of the samples¹⁶.

Increasing possibility in oral drug delivery:

The study aimed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Atrovastatin by creating an oil in water nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion was created using olive oil, surfactant, and co-surfactants. The nanoemulsion was optimized using a pseudo-ternary phase diagram and spontaneous emulsification method. The optimized formulation improved Atorvastatin solubility and stability for three months, demonstrating the effectiveness of the nanoemulsion in enhancing oral bioavailability. Atorvastatin's bioavailability was enhanced using lipid nanoemulsion optimization; nonetheless, dose modifications were necessary to reduce side effects. The formulation's stability was validated by stability experiments, which suggested that lipophilic drugs with low oral bioavailability could benefit from it¹⁷.

Delivery of herbal bioactives:

By creating nanocarriers, nanotechnology is augmenting the medicinal efficacy of herbal remedies. These droplets offer an environment that is conducive to the absorption of lipophilic herbal bioactive compounds. The partitioning of droplets into GIT fluids and their motility are key factors in the release of drugs from nanoemulsions. A promising method for increasing the therapeutic efficacy and skin-transdermal bioavailability of low bioavailable medicines is topical and transdermal drug administration. In an effort to maximize oral bioavailability and improve therapeutic efficacy, nanoemulsions of several herbal bioactive compounds have been studied recently. The enhanced skin permeability, therapeutic efficacy, and bioavailability of the NEs of these herbal medications have all been investigated¹⁸.

Current applications of nanoemulsions

Due to their small size, capacity to enter tissues, and special bio-nano interactions, nanoemulsions provide a flexible framework for the development of efficient nanomedicines for drug delivery. They can carry hydrophobic cargo like pharmaceuticals, photosensitizers, and contrast agents, preserving delicate substances and boosting bioavailability. Nanoemulsions are capable of having powerful physiological activity by covering their surface with hydrophilic polymers. They are perfect for clinical pipeline research because of their thoughtful design and compact size. By delivering hydrophobic contrast agents to affected areas, extending circulation, and minimizing harmful effects, the study offers instruments to direct investigations where conventional diagnostic methods and contrast agents fall short^19,20,21.

v Oral drug delivery for breast cancer:

The study presents various nanoemulsions and polyplexes derived from various plant extracts, including carotenoid, perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin, and fluorinated poly (ethylenimine), to treat various cancers. Carotenoid nanoemulsions, produced using ultrasonication methods, have been shown to upregulate p53 and p21 expression, downregulate CDK2, CDK1, cyclin A, and cyclin B expression, and arrest the cell cycle in HT-29 colon cancer cells. These nanoemulsions have also shown potential for in vivo ultrasound imaging and melanoma treatment. Curcumin nanoemulsions have been shown to enhance cellular cytotoxicity, uptake, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis against prostate cancer cells. Some studies develop a solid nanoemulsion (SNE) to enhance the oral administration of letrozole (LZ), an aromatase inhibitor. Transcutol P, tween 80, and peppermint oil were each utilized as an oil, a surfactant, and a co-surfactant. SNE was created by mixing the improved nanoemulsion (NE-3) with solid polyethylene glycol (PEG). The optimized (NE-3) tablet was contrasted with the SNE-2 and commercially available tablets. The ideal small nanoemulsion size of 80 nm, the ideal pH of 5.6, the ideal zeta potential of -98.2, the ideal transmittance of 99.78%, the ideal percentage of LZ content of 99.03 1.90, the relatively low viscosity of 60.2 mPa.s., and the rapid release of LZ within 30 minutes were used to select the ideal nanoemulsion. The formulation of NE-3 as SNE was chosen. The solid nanoemulsion (SNE) that will enhance the oral administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole (LZ) has been created. Transcutol P, tween 80, and peppermint oil were utilized as co-surfactants, surfactants, and oils, respectively. Solid polyethylene glycol (PEG) was combined with the improved nanoemulsion (NE-3) to create SNE. We compared the enhanced (NE-3), SNE-2, and commercially available tablets. The optimal small nanoemulsion size of 80 nm, 0.181 PDI, -98.2 zeta potential, high transmittance of 99.78%, optimal pH of 5.6, high percentage of LZ content of 99.03 1.90, relatively low viscosity of 60.2 mPa.s., and rapid release of LZ within 30 minutes were used to select the optimal nanoemulsion. It was decided to create SNE from NE-3²².

v Tropical application of cosmetics and skincare:

Nanoemulsions are widely employed in the cosmetic and skincare industries to enhance the stability and efficacy of products. They allow for better skin penetration of active ingredients, improving the overall product performance (Wissing, S. A., and Lippacher, A., 2003). Nanoemulsions, with their small droplet size, stability, transparency, and tunable rheology, are attractive for applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, and as building blocks for advanced materials. Skin acts as a transport barrier for drugs, but nanoemulsions can provide unique advantages for topical drug delivery. The dispersed phase of O/W nanoemulsions enhances the solubility of lipophilic drugs, while the continuous phase provides a mild, skin-friendly environment for dissolved biopolymers. Studies have explored nanoemulsions for ocular, intravenous, intranasal, and oral delivery, testing bioavailability and delivery efficiency in environments mimicking real conditions²³.

CONCLUSION:

Nanoemulsions have garnered widespread attention due to their exceptional properties, including high surface area, transparency, robust stability, and tunable rheology. Various preparation methods exist, including high-energy and low-energy techniques, along with emerging synthesis approaches. While the physics of nanoemulsion formation remains semi-empirical, these methods hold immense potential for industrial applications. Research efforts are focused on enhancing nanoemulsion stability, with trapped species methods showing promise. Additionally, designing polymers specifically for nanoemulsion preparation offers exciting possibilities for achieving tunable rheology and stability. The small size of nanoemulsions leads to enhanced interfacial self-assembly, making them valuable model systems for understanding colloidal assembly and rheology in complex emulsion systems. Their tunable properties and dynamic interfaces further expand their potential in soft matter research.

REFERENCES:

1. N Syed Abdul Kader, Nazneen Ansari, Ravi Bharti, Naresh Mandavi, Gyanesh Kumar Sahu, Arvind Kumar Jha, Harish Sharma. Novel Approaches for Colloidal Drug Delivery System: Nanoemulsion. Res. J. Pharm. Dosage Form. and Tech. 2018; 10(4): 253-258. doi: 10.5958/0975-4377.2018.00037.X

2. Akkas Ali Ahmed, Suvakanta Dash. Application of Novel Nanoemulsion in Drug Targeting. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(8): 2809-2818. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00497.8

3. Harshal Patil, Jyotsna Waghmare. Nanoemulsion: Current state and perspectives. Res. J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 2013; 4(1): 32-40.

4. Rahul P. Jadhav, Vikranti W. Koli, Amruta B. Kamble, Dr. Mangesh A. Bhutkar. A Review on Nanoemulsion. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020; 10(2):103-108. doi: 10.5958/2231-5659.2020.00020.X

5. Mazayen ZM, Ghoneim AM, Elbatanony RS, Basalious EB, Bendas ER. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology: From the bench to the market. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022 Jan 15;8(1):12.

6. Zanela da Silva Marques T, Santos-Oliveira R, Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira L, Cardoso VD, de Freitas ZM, Barros RD, Villa AL, Monteiro MS, Dos Santos EP, Ricci-Junior E. Development and characterization of a nanoemulsion containing propranolol for topical delivery. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2018 :2827-37.

7. Wilson RJ, Li Y, Yang G, Zhao CX. Nanoemulsions for drug delivery. Particuology. 2022; 64: 85-97.

8. Ravindra Gaikwad, Anilkumar Shinde. Overview of Nanoemulsion Preparation Methods, Characterization Techniques and Applications. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 12(4): 329-6. doi: 10.52711/2231-5713.2022.00053.

9. Sánchez-López E, Guerra M, Dias-Ferreira J, Lopez-Machado A, Ettcheto M, Cano A, Espina M, Camins A, Garcia ML, Souto EB. Current applications of nanoemulsions in cancer therapeutics. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(6): 821.

10. Sutradhar KB, Amin ML. Nanoemulsions: increasing possibilities in drug delivery. European Journal of Nanomedicine. 2013; 5(2): 97-10 .

11. Kumar M, Bishnoi RS, Shukla AK, Jain CP. Techniques for formulation of nanoemulsion drug delivery system: a review. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science. 2019; 24(3): 225.

12. Uma Sankari K, Alagusundaram M, G Krishna Sahithi, C Madhu Sudhana Chetty, S Ramkanth, S Angalaparameswari, TS Mohammed Saleem. Nanoemulsions - Approaching Thermodynamic Stability. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2010; 3(2): 319-326.

13. Mazayen ZM, Ghoneim AM, Elbatanony RS, Basalious EB, Bendas ER. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology: From the bench to the market. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022; 8(1): 12.

14. Jaiswal M, Dudhe R, Sharma PK. Nanoemulsion: an advanced mode of drug delivery system. Biotech. 2015; 5: 123-7.

15. Mahajan HS, Savale SK. Nanoemulsion: A versatile mode of drug delivery system. Indian Journal of Novel Drug Delivery. 2016; 8(3): 123-32.

16. Sharma Kruti, Musaratafrin Saiyed. A Systemic Review on Nanoemulsion based Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Novel Drug Delivery System. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 13(4): 303-8. doi: 10.52711/2231-5659.2023.0005

17. R.G. Maskare, N. H. Indurwade, R. A. Deshmukh, P. V. Kuthe, P. M. Londhe, M. T. Deshmukh. Nanoemulsions: Increasing Possibilities in Oral Drug Delivery. Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2021; 11(1):53-58.

18. Ravindra Gaikwad, Anilkumar Shinde. Overview of Nanoemulsion Preparation Methods, Characterization Techniques and Applications. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 12(4):329-6.

19. Nikam TH, Patil MP, Patil SS, Vadnere GP, Lodhi S. Nanoemulsion: A brief review on development and application in Parenteral Drug Delivery. Adv. Pharm. J. 2018; 3(2): 43-54.

20. Sadeq ZA. Review on nanoemulsion: Preparation and evaluation. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2020; 10(1): 187-9.

21. Yukuyama MN, Ghisleni DD, Pinto TD, Bou‐Chacra NA. Nanoemulsion: process Selection and application in cosmetics–a review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 2016;38(1):13-24.

22. Debnath SU, Satayanarayana KV, Kumar GV. Nanoemulsion—a method to improve the solubility of lipophilic drugs. Pharmanest. 2011; 2(2-3): 72-83.

23. Gupta A, Eral HB, Hatton TA, Doyle PS. Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications. Soft Matter. 2016; 12(11): 2826-41.

Received on 16.11.2023 Modified on 05.12.2023

Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech.2024; 16(1):113-118.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00018